Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine

We have seen how animals were transformed into pathological specimens through post-mortem examination .

Surprisingly little is known about the history of animal patients . This is partly because many animal victims of disease were not awarded this role: they were killed or left to suffer and die rather than being cared for clinically by owners and healers.

This work proved crucial to his formulation of an integrated philosophy of ‘One Medicine’ , which both drove and was enhanced by the twenty-first-century OH movement.