But something happened around his twentythird year – whether it was sudden or gradual, we do not know – that led to the harshest excommunication ever proclaimed by the leaders of the Amsterdam Sephardim.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
We have only the cherem document, full of oaths and maledictions, that was composed by the community’s governors.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
But after his excommunication from the Talmud Torah congregation and his voluntary exile from the city of his birth, Spinoza no longer identified himself as a Jew.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
He preferred to see himself as just another citizen of the Dutch Republic – and perhaps, as well, of the transnational Republic of Letters.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
On March 31, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella signed an expulsion order covering all the territories under the crowns of Castile and Aragon, “to prevent Jews from influencing conversos and to purify the Christian faith.”
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
Within months there were, officially, no more Jews in Spain.
The majority of the exiles (about 120, 000) went to Portugal. Others left for North Africa, Italy, and Turkey.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
The Jews who remained behind in Spain converted to Christianity, as the law required.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
On December 5, 1496, Manuel, the ruler of Portugal, issued a royal decree banishing Jews and Moslems from his realm.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
Thus, to make sure that the financiers and traders remained a part of his economy, he decided that forced conversion was to be the only option offered the Jews. On March 4, 1497, he ordered all Jewish children to be presented for baptism.
Jan Nohat Zitat gemachtvor 2 Jahren
In 1547, a “free and unimpeded Inquisition” was fully established in Portugal by papal order.
fb2epub
Ziehen Sie Ihre Dateien herüber
(nicht mehr als fünf auf einmal)