<!doctype html public «-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en»> http-equiv=content-type> In On Truth and Lies in an Extra-Moral Sense (1873), written a year after The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche addresses critical questions in the philosophy of language by inquiring into the sine qua nons for thought. Initially laid out as a collection of personal reflections, this essay went on in the 20th century to be regarded as a critical paradigm for thought on language philosophy and aesthetics.